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കാൽക്കുലേറ്റർ

വിത്ത് നിരക്ക് കാൽക്കുലേറ്റർ

Seed quantity per hectare from spacing, seed weight and germination.

  • സൗജന്യം
  • സൈൻ അപ്പ് വേണ്ട
  • പരസ്യങ്ങളില്ല

ഫലം

വിത്ത് നിരക്ക്: 213.42 kg/ha (86.37 kg/acre)

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അവസാനം പുതുക്കിയത്:

Deep-dive guide

Seed rate: the most under-thought input on most Indian farms

Seed is typically 3-6% of the total cost of cultivation but is the input that determines plant population, canopy architecture, weed competition, and ultimately yield ceiling. Indian extension services historically published flat recommendations — wheat 100 kg/ha, paddy 25 kg/ha for transplanted, soybean 75 kg/ha — and farmers followed them irrespective of variety, season or seed lot quality. The TNAU seed-rate formula (also used by IARI, PAU, ICAR-IISR Mau) replaces the flat recommendation with a precise calculation tied to four variables: target plant population, 1000-grain weight (TW), germination percentage, and field establishment. Get the formula right and seed cost drops while plant stand improves.

The formula and its four levers

SR (kg/ha) = (Plants/m² × 10⁴ × TW_g/1000) ÷ (Germ% × Purity% × Estab%)

The numerator is the seed mass needed if every grain produced a plant. The denominator discounts for losses: not every seed germinates (germination% from the tag), not every germinated seedling establishes in the field (establishment%, the agronomy reality), and the lot may include non-crop matter or other-variety seeds (purity%).

Worked examples across major crops

  • Wheat HD 3226: 400 plants/m², TW 42 g, G 92, P 98, E 85 → 215 kg/ha. That is far above the textbook 100 kg/ha because the variety needs a denser stand to express its full tillering potential and HD-class has heavier 1000-grain weight than older HD 2967. PAU's 2024-25 package recommends 100-125 kg/ha — calibrated for 85% establishment under ideal sowing in Punjab. The calculator reflects regional realities for late-sown or marginal conditions.
  • Paddy direct-seeded: 250 plants/m², TW 25 g, G 80, P 98, E 70 → 114 kg/ha — much higher than transplanted (25 kg) because transplanting concentrates plants and DSR loses more to bird predation, water-table drowning, and weed competition.
  • Soybean JS-335: 45 plants/m², TW 150 g (heavier-grained), G 80, P 98, E 80 → 108 kg/ha. Indian extension recommends 75-80 kg/ha for sub-optimal-sowing windows; calculator output corrects this.
  • Mustard variety RH 749: 35 plants/m², TW 5 g, G 85, P 98, E 80 → 3 kg/ha — a small seed makes light work of high plant population.

Establishment percentage — the most under-estimated variable

Indian extension assumes 85% field establishment under good seedbed conditions and broadcast sowing. Realistic field-establishment percentages are:

  • Mechanical seed drill in moist seedbed: 85-92%
  • Broadcasting on dry seedbed: 65-75%
  • Late sowing (after optimum window): 70-80%
  • Crusted soil (post-irrigation): 60-70%
  • Tobacco-seed-bed or fine-seed crops (paddy nursery): 90-95%
  • Bird-prone fields without coverage: 50-65%

Plug a realistic establishment number into the calculator. Many farmers under-sow because they use the textbook 85% in mental math while their actual establishment is 70%; resulting under-population costs 10-15% yield.

Seed quality matters: certified vs farmer-saved

Certified seed in India is regulated under the Seeds Act 1966; tags carry minimum germination (85% for wheat, 80% for paddy, 70% for soybean), purity (98%), moisture (12%), and inert matter limits. Farmer-saved seed typically germinates 70-80% at year-1, dropping to 55-65% at year-3 storage. Plug the actual germination from the tag (or do a 100-seed paper-towel test) — over-stating G inflates the calculator's output incorrectly. The Sub-Mission on Seeds & Planting Material distributes certified seed at 50% subsidy through cooperatives.

Variety-specific recommendations

ICAR-IISR Mau and state seed corporations publish variety-specific TW and plant population. Examples:

  • Wheat DBW 222 (rust resistant): TW 44 g, recommended 100-125 kg/ha
  • Wheat HD 3226: TW 42 g, 100-110 kg/ha
  • Paddy Pusa Basmati 1718: TW 24 g, 35-40 kg/ha for transplanted
  • Paddy MTU 1010 (early): TW 23 g, 20-25 kg/ha transplanted
  • Cotton Bt hybrid: TW 75-90 g, 1.5-2 kg/acre seed
  • Soybean JS 20-69: TW 145 g, 75-80 kg/ha
  • Maize hybrid: TW 270 g, 18-25 kg/ha at 60×20 spacing

Seed treatment: improving recovery%

A 5-15% increase in establishment is achievable through seed treatment: Trichoderma 4 g/kg + Pseudomonas 10 g/kg + carbendazim 2 g/kg (for cereals) or Rhizobium + PSB + mancozeb (for pulses). Seed treatment slurry coats seed with biofungicide and biofertiliser. Cost ₹40-90/kg seed; ROI 5-10× through reduced seed-rate and better stand.

How to use the calculator

Type the target plant population (variety-specific from KVK), 1000-grain weight (read on the seed-tag), and realistic germination + purity + establishment percentages. The widget computes kg/ha and kg/acre. For a 1-acre wheat field: multiply calculator's kg/acre output by 1.05 to account for sowing-machine losses. Round up to the nearest commercial bag size (10, 25, 50 kg).

Sources

TNAU Agritech Portal Seed-rate Guide 2024; ICAR-IISR Mau Seed Production Handbook 2023; Seeds Act 1966 + Seeds Rules 1968; ISTA International Rules for Seed Testing 2024; National Seeds Corporation tag-format specification.